Curricula Outlines


History & Social Sciences 
Department Curriculum

The skills of evaluating evidence, of posing questions and answering them, of writing, of mobilizing information in order to make an argument -- I think all of that is important in a democratic society if people are actually going to be active citizens.”
                                                           --Eric Foner, Historian

The full, printed curriculum includes the following four sections, but as pdfs and jpgs don't load properly into blogger, only the parts anticipated to be of most interest to parents have been recreated here for you.  Please be in touch if you would like a copy of the full department curriculum.
  • Department Skills Progression
  • Department Standards
  • Technology Applications
  • Department Course Curricula (World History followed by U.S. History)
Historical inquiry is an “equalizing process” in the classroom that empowers students regardless of the “cultural capital” with which they enter.  (Abdul Mohamud and Robin Whitburn, paraphrased)

           

World History


A Year Course -- 1 Credit -- SOPHOMORE year REQUIRED COURSE This sophomore-level course requires having taken World Geography as a freshman, as the core skills of history build in sequence from year-to-year, increasing in rigor at each step. World History is a survey course addressing themes of humanity spanning the globe and millenia, emphasizing case studies of diverse societies -- from the anthropological cultures of longevity to those that are urban, industrial, and global. We analyze for techno-economic, political, social, cultural, and environmental trends in an historical chronology by use of both primary and secondary sources. 


Intro (~3 days)

Essential Question

What is history?


Critical Vocabulary

History Voice Historiography Commonality

Claim Lens Primary source Diversity

Agency Cognitive Dissonance Secondary source Historical empathy

Tertiary source

Teaching Ideas

  • “The Historian” slideshow [Cluver]

  • “High School History Skills” handout [Cluver]

  • “Skills in History” slideshow [Cluver]

  • “Skills Getting Started” slideshow [Cluver]

  • History’s Habits of Mind [Cluver]



Humanity (~14 days)

Essential Question

What does it mean to be human?*


Central Case Studies/Sources

  • UN Human Rights video (humanrights.com) (Intro. 10 min. & a sampling of some of the PSAs)


Critical Vocabulary 

Human rights


Skill Assessments

  • Audio-visual Claim & Evidence

  • Socratic Discussion

  • Research

  • Argumentative Writing


Teaching Ideas

  • Video clip from Dreamworks’ Over The Hedge [Cluver]

  • Video clip from Disney’s Pocahontas [Cluver]

  • “A Perspective Worth Pondering” read-aloud [Cluver]

  • Hannah Garry article [Cluver]

  • Select episode from NBC’s Third Rock from The Sun [Cluver]

  • “Material World” images [Cluver]

  • Unit-Closure Work Page as summary and Finals study guide [Cluver]

  • Metacognitive self-eval: Skills Breakdown



Communal Cultures (~32 days)

Essential Question

1. What does it mean to be human? (Continue to consider)

2. How/why are communal cultures relevant?


Central Case Studies/Sources

  • “Mental Map Timeline” handout & note additions

  • Native Australians; Rabbit-Proof Fence film excerpts

  • Yanomamo archival film footage

  • Utes map & article

  • “Kalahari” episode of Bizarre Foods about the Zhut wasi


Critical Vocabulary

Aboriginal Nomadic Kinship Mother goddess

Native Non-accumulative Elder Animism

BCE/BC Gathering Ancestor worship Anthropology

CE/AD Cooperative Totemism Paleolithic


Skill Assessments

  • Context & Lens

  • Reading Claim & Evidence

  • Audio-visual Claim & Evidence

  • Socratic Discussion

  • Research

  • Argumentative Writing


Teaching Ideas

  • “Outline of Popular Details” handout [Cluver]

  • Native Australian reading-for-information articles [Cluver]

  • Dreaming information and sample stories from Gadi Mirrabooka [Cluver]

  • Native Australian slideshow [Cluver]

  • Yanomamo images pre-video inference activity [Cluver]

  • Yanomamo reading-for-information articles [Cluver]

  • Layering-to-Today articles [Cluver]

  • Hadza article [Cluver]

  • Rumble in the Jungle article [Lemke]

  • Wall-e -- perhaps?  [Lemke]

  • Unit-Closure Work Page as summary and Finals study guide [Cluver]



Agri-cultures (~13 days)

Essential Question

What was the Neolithic Revolution?


Central Case Studies/Sources

  • “Mental Map Timeline” handout & note additions

  • The First Farmers film excerpts

  • Catal-Huyuk

  • Hebrews

  • Navajo

  • Maasai



Critical Vocabulary 

Agriculture Drought Sedentary Pastoralist Material wealth


Skill Assessments**

  • Context & Lens

  • Research

  • Argumentative Writing


Teaching Ideas

  • “Outline of Popular Details” handout [Cluver]

  • The Economist article excerpt about Agri-cultures v. Communal cultures [Cluver]

  • Catal-Huyuk webquest [Cluver]

  • Hebrews reading-for-information [Cluver]

  • Hebrews primary source close-read [Cluver]

  • 14 Cows for America read-aloud [Cluver]

  • Maasai webquest [Cluver]

  • “Tanzania” episode of Bizarre Foods (Maasai) [Cluver]

  • Layering-to-today articles [Cluver]

  • Unit-Closure Work Page as summary and Finals study guide [Cluver]



Urban Cultures (~23 days)

Essential Question

Were Urban cultures civilized?


Central Case Studies/Sources

  • “Mental Map Timeline” handout & note additions

  • Hebrews-to-Jews transitional case study

  • Mesopotamia

  • Egypt

  • Indus River Valley

  • Shang & Zhou Dynasties

  • Olmec 

  • Chavin



Critical Vocabulary

Civilization Culture hearth Bureaucratic Chinese characters

Urban Patriarchy Specialized Isolationist

Bronze Age Social class Cuneiform

Iron Age Architecture Ziggurat

History Public works Hieroglyphics


Skill Assessments

  • Context & Lens

  • Reading Claim & Evidence

  • Audio-visual Claim & Evidence

  • Socratic Discussion

  • Research

  • Argumentative Writing


Teaching Ideas

  • “Outline of Popular Details” handout [Cluver]

  • Hebrews-to-Jews reading-for-information [Cluver]

  • Maps of culture hearths [Cluver]

  • Reading-for-information Meso, Egypt, & IRV [Cluver]

  • Mesopotamia primary source close-read [Cluver]

  • Shang & Zhou slideshow [Cluver]

  • “Kings of the Stone Age” Olmec video [Cluver]

  • “Kings of the Stone Age” Chavin video [Cluver]

  • Layering-to-today articles [Cluver]

  • Unit-Closure Work Page as summary and Finals study guide [Cluver]



World Religions (~29 days)

Essential Question

1. How has religion affected culture/history?

2. How has culture/history affected religion?


Central Case Studies/Sources

  • “Mental Map Timeline” handout & note additions

  • Hinduism

  • Buddhism

  • Judaism

  • Christianity

  • Islam


Critical Vocabulary

Monotheism Buddha Bhagavad Gita    Dharma     Middle Way     Crucifixion

Polytheism Abraham Dhammapada     8-fold path     Reincarnation  Resurrection

Orthodoxy Moses Torah     Karma     Brahman     Commandments

Orthopraxy Jesus Bible     Enlightenment  Kosher     Allah

Prophet Muhammad Koran/Q’uran     4 Noble Truths  Halal     5 Pillars

Messiah       Heaven     Masjid          Ka’ba 

Skill Assessments

  • Context & Lens

  • Reading Claim & Evidence

  • Audio-visual Claim & Evidence

  • Socratic Discussion

  • Research

  • Argumentative Writing


Teaching Ideas

  • “Outline of Popular Details” handout [Cluver]

  • Quotes & images slideshow [Cluver]

  • Symbols collaborative work page [Cluver]

  • Map w/ dates [Cluver]

  • Slideshows for each of the five religions [Cluver]

  • Primary source close-reads for Hinduism, Buddhism, Christiantiy, & Islam (An excerpt from Deuteronomy was already ready in the Ag unit) [Cluver]

  • Amma (Hindu saint) article and image slides [Cluver]

  • Ganesh (Hindu god) article and image slides [Cluver]

  • Bhagavad Gita excerpt & work page [Cluver]

  • Dalai Lama article, Tibet map, image slides, & video clip [Cluver]

  • Dhammapada excerpts and work page [Cluver]

  • PBS’ Islam: Empire of Faith excerpt [Cluver]

  • Fordson: Faith, Fasting, & Football video [Cluver]

  • Unit-Closure Work Page as summary and Finals study guide [Cluver]



Urban Empires (~18 days)

Essential Question

Are empires advanced forms of civilization?


Central Case Studies/Sources

  • “Mental Map Timeline” handout revisited

  • Student choice of case study projects 

  • Crash Course World History: Imperialism video


Critical Vocabulary

Empire Cultural institutions Oppression Subaltern

Physical power Engineering Chauvinism Agency

Economic power Paternalism Social history

Ethnocentrism

Skill Assessments

  • Audio-visual Claim & Evidence

  • Research

  • Argumentative Writing


Teaching Ideas

  • Engineering an Empire: Greece video (last 45 min.) to explore Persian Empire [Cluver]

  • Unit-Closure Work Page as summary and Finals study guide [Cluver]

Modern Europe (~14 days)

Essential Question

What is significant about the age of the European Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration?


Central Case Studies/Sources

  • “Mental Map Timeline” handout & note additions

  • Islam: Empire of Faith, The Awakening segment of video -- causative factor for Renaissance. 

  • The Renaissance

  • The Reformation 

  • Guns, Germs, & Steel video for analysis of exploration


Critical Vocabulary

Renaissance Medici family Reformation Age of Exploration

Renaissance man House of Wisdom Protestantism

Leonardo da Vinci Copernicus Counter-reformation

Humanism


Skill Assessments**

  • Reading Claim & Evidence

  • Socratic Discussion

  • Argumentative Writing


Teaching Ideas

  • Crash Course World History: Renaissance video

  • TICE ART 1010 Youtube video on the Renaissance [Cluver]

  • “The Reformation” article by the History Channel [Cluver]

  • Guns, Germs, & Steel flow chart and exit slips [Cluver]

  • Unit-Closure Work Page as summary and Finals study guide [Cluver]



Modern Western Civ. (~10 days)

Essential Question

1. Who are revolutionaries?

2. What was the Enlightenment?


Central Case Studies/Sources

  • “Mental Map Timeline” handout & note additions

  • Haitian Revolution***

  • French Revolution


Critical Vocabulary

Revolution Marie Antoinette  Declaration of the Rights of Man

Saint Domingue Louis XVI     Napoleon Rousseau Scientific Rev.

Colonial commodity system Robespierre     Nationalism Philosophes

Toussaint L’Ourverture Jacobens     Enlightenment Natural Rights

Reign of Terror     Voltaire Contractual gov.

Skill Assessments**

  • Reading Claim & Evidence

  • Audio-visual Claim & Evidence

  • Socratic Discussion

  • Argumentative Writing


Teaching Ideas

  • “Outline of Popular Details” handout [Cluver]

  • Create Dangerously excerpt close-read [Cluver]

  • PBS’ Egalite for All: Toussaint L’Ouverture and the Haitian Revolution video [Cluver]

  • Haitian Revolution timeline hand out [Cluver]

  • Layering-to-later video clip of beautiful scenes of Haiti for a different lens [Cluver]

  • The History Channel’s The French Revolution video [Cluver]

  • French Revolution timeline hand out & spelling aid sheet [Cluver]

  • Revolutions conceptual hand out [Cluver]

  • The Enlightenment Youtube video clip/s [Cluver]

  • Unit-Closure Work Page as summary and Finals study guide [Cluver]

  


Year-end wrap-up (~3 days)

Essential Question:

  1. What does it mean to be human?  (full circle to 1st EQ of the year)


Teaching Ideas:

  • “Are We Really Different?” full circle slide show & discussion about being human [Cluver]

  • Human vol. 3 video documentary via Youtube w/ closed captioning -- select excerpts [Cluver]

  • “People of History” slideshow [Cluver]

  • “What a Week of Groceries Looks Like Around the World” slideshow [Cluver]

  • Discussion (formal Socratic or casual) of E.Q.


*The essential question is a deep, exploratory inquiry, and thus, on the first day of the unit, the obvious answers to the question should be given and discussed, and students should record that information and then be prepared to collect information throughout the unit to use in their writing that answers the question on a deeper level.  (For example, give the biological definition of “human,” and then challenge them to answer the question by going beyond the scientific classification.) 


**Once a skill has been conducted and recorded as a formal assessment at least twice in a semester, a teacher may design some of the subsequent repetitions of that same skill as collaborative group work as unscored practice and/or at the conclusion of individual work provide individualized student choice as whether to submit it to replace the previous score or to keep it and remain with the previous score.  The latter option has the added benefit of requiring student metacognition.


***The Modern Western Civilizations unit is designed to springboard smoothly from exploration into the related themes in the Haitian Revolution and allow natural curiosity flow backward, then, to the French Revolution.  The next History work for these students will be their course next year, U.S. History, in which the U.S. Revolution will be thoroughly studied.


(It is expected that ~3 weeks cumulative total on the school year will be used by final exam preparations, standardized testing, assemblies, and drop-in lessons when substitute teachers are needed, which is why the total number of weeks allotted for the the units of study equal fewer than the sum total number of all school days in a year.)


U.S. History


A Year Course -- 1 Credit -- JUNIOR year REQUIRED COURSE (or Dual-Credit U.S. History)

In this junior-year, required U.S. History course the History and Social Science skills are advanced in rigor, and thus, students must have taken World Geography as freshmen and World History as sophomores prior to enrolling in this capstone course.  U.S. History is a survey course addressing the complex history of our country within a global context and exploring the “American Mosaic” of diverse viewpoints from different social classes, races, genders, religious affiliations, and ethnicities.  In studying both our nation’s triumphs and shortfalls, we gain a deep appreciation for the opportunities in the present and the heroes who may inspire us.  




History & Historiography  (~3 days) 

Essential Question/s*

1. What is History?


Central Case Studies/Sources

  • James W. Loewen’s Intro material for his Lies My Teacher Told Me


Critical Vocabulary

History Historiography Context Lens Claim

Cognitive Dissonance Colonial Commodity System

French Revolution Haitian Revolution Primary Source Secondary Source

Tertiary Source


Skills Assessments

  • Reading Claim & Evidence (Look at C&E scoring criteria)


Teaching Ideas 

  • Student survey questions [Cluver]

  • Reconnect to World History context [Cluver]

  • History’s Habits of Mind [curriculum standards]

  • “The Historian” slideshow [Cluver]

  • “Skills in History” slideshow [Cluver]

  • “My Voice Matters” slideshow [Cluver]

  • “Skills Getting Started” slideshow [Cluver]






Exploration & Colonization (~22 days)

Essential Question/s

1. What was colonialism in North America?


Inquiry Questions

Student-developed via brainstorm on sensory object/pic


Central Case Studies/Sources

  • Pre-contact Native Americans -- review Communal, Ag, Urban, & Guns, Germs, & Steel

  • “Massacre at Mystic” episode of “10 Days that Unexpectedly Changed America” (feedback on note-taking skills)

  • Excerpts from James W. Loewen’s “Lies My Teacher Told Me” (Chapter 2)

  • Price’s “Love and Hate in the Jamestown Colony” excerpt 

  • Reconnect to Ute and Navajo studies from W.His. course

  • Charles C. Mann’s 1491 chapters 1 & 11 excerpts

  • Middle Passage clip from Spielberg’s film Amistad (permission slips)

  • “Origins of Slavery” article

  • Crash Course: U.S. History #2 “Thanksgiving” (YouTube video)


Critical Vocabulary

Communal cultures Columbian Exchange Colonization Middle Passage

Agri-cultures Anglo-Saxon Chesapeake Chattel Slavery

Urban cultures Intolerance Jamestown Peculiar institution

Pequot Patriarchy Pilgrims

Haudenosaunee Puritans

Great Law of Peace “Noble Savage”


Skill Assessments**

  • Socratic discussion

  • Audio-Visual Claim & Evid. (Precise discernment of author’s thesis and support facts.) (Look at C&E scoring criteria)

  • Research (Locate expert sources and comprehend relevant reading material.)

  • Argumentative writing

  • Self-eval on Skills Breakdown


Teaching Ideas

  • Colonial Era Mental Map Timeline [Cluver]

  • Pocahontas scholarly anaylses

  • Colonial Williamsburg vodcasts [Cluver]

  • Layer-to-Later article “11 American Nations [Cluver]

  • Slavery Visual Timeline [Cluver]

  • Unit-Closure Work Packet [Cluver]

  • “Who are we, as Americans” every-unit discussion

  • Skills Break-down Self-evaluation [Cluver]

A New Republic (~31 days)

Essential Question/s

1. Was the U.S. Revolution revolutionary?

2. What is a revolutionary?


Inquiry Questions


Central Case Studies/Sources

  • Review empires and the Enlightenment & revolutions for World History context

  • Crash Course: U.S. History #7  “Revolution” (YouTube video) (feedback on note-taking)

  • “The Declaration of Independence” primary source

  • Crash Course: U.S. History #  “Constitution” (YouTube video)

  • Hamilton, the musical soundtrack edited for classroom (permission slips) (feedback on note-taking)

  • Jon Meacham’s article “God and the Founders”

  • The “Trail of Tears” webquest

  • Princess Watchekee and the Potowatomi 

  • The Presidents DVD by The History Channel (Washington through Polk)


Critical Vocabulary

Revolutionary (n.) Continental Army Articles of Confederation Cabinet

Ideology Founding Fathers Federalism Electoral College

Sons of Liberty Founding Mothers Anti-Federalists Church & State

Declaration of Independence Federalist Papers       Democratic-Republicans

Republic Constitution Indian Removal Act

Legislature Trail of Tears


Skill Assessments

  • Context & Lens (pt. values specified?)

  • Reading Claim & Evidence

  • Audio-visual Claim & Evidence

  • Socratic Discussion

  • Research

  • Argumentative Writing


Teaching Ideas

  • Founder or Not? Slideshow hook

  • Map

  • Timeline anchor

  • The Founders anchor packet

  • 1607-1776 visual conceptual timeline [Cluver]

  • Declaration of Independence video [Cluver]

  • “Who are we, as a Americans” discussion revisited

The Civil War Era (~32 days)

Essential Question/s

1. What is significant about the Civil War era?


Inquiry Questions


Central Case Studies/Sources

  • Map & timeline anchors; revisit Racial Issues Timeline

  • John Brown (children’s book excerpt and Ch. 6 from Loewen)

  • Crash Course: U.S. History  #20 “Civil War Part I“ & #21 “Civil War Part II“  (YouTube                                                                                                                                        videos) (feedback on note-taking)

  • South Carolina secession document

  • Twelve Years a Slave select film excerpts

  • “Antietam” episode of 10 Days That Unexpectedly Changed America

  • Bruce Catton’s essay “Hayfoot, Strawfoot” excerpts

  • Spielberg’s Lincoln film

  • Anna Quinlan’s article “The Other Lincoln”

  • The Horton’s essay “Call Me Mister” excerpts

  • Frederick Douglas

  • Harriet Tubman

  • Articles and/or video clips on the history of the Ku Klux Klan 

  • Sojourner Truth’s “Ain’t I a Woman” speech analysis

  • The Presidents DVD by The History Channel (Taylor-Lincoln & Johnson-Arthur)

  • Unit-Closure Work Packet

  • Revisit “Who are we, as American” discussion


Critical Vocabulary

Abolitionist Emancipation Proclamation Industrialization

Emancipation 13th Amendment Reconstruction

The Union Secession Jim Crow laws

The Confederacy


Skill Assessments

  • Context & Lens (pt. values specified?)

  • Reading Claim & Evidence

  • Audio-visual Claim & Evidence

  • Socratic Discussion

  • Research

  • Argumentative Writing


Teaching Ideas

  • Illinois connections -- Looking for Lincoln and Watseka [Cluver]

Turn of The Century (~30 days)

Essential Question/s

Who were we at the turn of the century?


Inquiry Questions


Central Case Studies/Sources

  • “Homestead Strike” episode of 10 Days That Unexpectedly Changed America video

  • Loewen’s Chapter 7 on social inequity

  • Crash Course U.S. History #s 25, 26, & 27 (feedback on note-taking)

  • Hilda Polachek’s I Came A Stranger excerpts

  • Jane Addams’ NYT obituary

  • Contemporary immigration statistics and issues

  • Iron-Jawed Angels film (minus scene #5)

  • How We Got the Right to Vote documentary

  • Louise Erdrich’s “Indian Boarding Schools: The Runaways” poem analysis

  • The Presidents DVD by The History Channel (Cleveland-Taft)

  • Unit-Closure Work Packet

  • Revisit “Who are we, as Americans” discussion


Critical Vocabulary

Nativism Suffrage Boarding school Immigration Union

Emigration Strike Hull House Industrialist Social History Monopoly

Skill Assessments

  • Context & Lens (pt. values specified?)

  • Reading Claim & Evidence

  • Audio-visual Claim & Evidence

  • Socratic Discussion

  • Research

  • Argumentative Writing


Teaching Ideas

  • Jane Addams images [Cluver]

  • Nativism Youtube videos [Cluver]

  • “No Irish Need Apply” song sample [Cluver]

  • Contemporary immigration slideshow [Cluver]

  • Immigration document and fee samples [Cluver]

  • Indian boarding schools contextual information from Dr. Griffith [Cluver]

  • Mary Agnes Chase article (suffragist from Iroquois Co.) [Cluver]



Global Issues Come Home (~22 days)

Essential Question/s

In what ways were global issues also American issues?


Inquiry Questions


Central Case Studies/Sources

  • Crash Course U.S. History #30 “America in World War I” (YouTube video)

  • BBC documentary “The Necessary War”

  • Crash Course U.S. History #33 “The Great Depression” (YouTube video) (feedback on note-taking)

  • Visual organizers for WWI and WWII handout anchor

  • Crash Course U.S. History #35 “World War II Part I” (YouTube video), Crash Course U.S. History #36 “World War II Part II” (YouTube video)

  • Congressional Medal of Honor video

  • “Elie Wiesel Goes to Auschwitz” episode of the Oprah Winfrey Show

  • Historical context of scholarly information on the Holocaust

  • “Jesse Owens” case study to bridge global and domestic issues

  • Internment of Japanese Americans

  • The Presidents DVD by The History Channel (Wilson-Franklin)

  • Unit-Closure Work Packet

  • Revisit “Who are we, as Americans?” discussion


Critical Vocabulary

World War I Kaiser Holocaust/Shoah Anti-semitism

World War II Dictatorship Atomic weapons Internment camps

The Depression Fuhrer Pearl Harbor Civil Liberties

Empire/Imperialism Total War


Skill Assessments

  • Audio-visual Claim & Evidence

  • Socratic Discussion

  • Research

  • Argumentative Writing


Teaching Ideas

  • “Shoah” slideshow [Cluver]

  • “Jesse Owens” slideshow [Cluver]

  • George Takei interview video & History Channel video on Japanese internment [Cluver]

  • Sherman Alexie poem “Hey, Look, the Abyss!”

  • 10 Days That Unexpectedly Changed America episode/s [Cluver]


The Modern United States (6  weeks)

Essential Question/s

1. In what ways is the grip of history not easily broken?

2. What from our history can inspire us in the present era?


Inquiry Questions


Central Case Studies/Sources

  • Lee Daniels’ The Butler analysis

  • Curricular review and added scholarly context for issues in the contemporary era

  • ABC’s “What Would You Do? Bike Thief” episode;implicit bias

  • Social history of contemporary family life

  • Globalization, outsourcing, & social class

  • Contemporary nativism

  • The contemporary feminist movement

  • “We Are Still Here” YouTube video on contemporary Native Americans

  • The Presidents DVD by The History Channel (Truman-Ford & Carter-GWBush)

  • Maya Angelou’s “On The Pulse of Morning”


Critical Vocabulary

The Great Migration Culture War Terrorism

Civil Rights Globalization Recession

Cold War Outsourcing


Skill Assessments

  • Context & Lens (pt. values specified?)

  • Reading Claim & Evidence

  • Audio-visual Claim & Evidence

  • Socratic Discussion

  • Research

  • Argumentative Writing


Teaching Ideas

  • “Traditional Family Life” true-false “quiz” for discussion

  • “Women in America” slideshow [Cluver]

  • “Race in the 21st c U.S.” slideshow [Cluver]

  • Bob Zellner notes, video, book [Cluver]


*The essential question is a deep, exploratory inquiry, and thus, on the first day of the unit, the obvious answers to the question should be given and discussed, and students should record that information and then be prepared to collect information throughout the unit to use in their writing that answers the question on a deeper level.  (For example, give the biological definition of “human,” and then challenge them to answer the question by going beyond the scientific classification.) 


**Once a skill has been conducted and recorded as a formal assessment at least twice in a semester, a teacher may design some of the subsequent repetitions of that same skill as collaborative group work as unscored practice and/or at the conclusion of individual work provide individualized student choice as whether to submit it to replace the previous score or to keep it and remain with the previous score.  The latter option has the added benefit of requiring student metacognition.


(It is expected that ~3 weeks cumulative total on the school year will be used by final exam preparations, standardized testing, assemblies, and drop-in lessons when substitute teachers are needed, which is why the total number of weeks allotted for the the units of study equal fewer than the sum total number of all school days in a year.)